The earner has studied: the challenges of deploying SS7 over E1 links, the concept of carrying SS7 over an IP bearer, the challenges of carrying SS7 signalling over IP links, and discussed potential solutions. They know the protocol stack for carrying SS7 signalling over packet-switched bearers and the use of SCTP as a transmission layer (and its advantages over other layer 4 protocols). They have been introduced to MTP adaptation layers and can provide examples of their application.